Using Calculus to Calculate Price Elasticity of Supply

In introductory economics courses, students are taught that elasticities are calculated as ratios of percent changes. Â  Specifically, they are told that price elasticity of supply is equal to the percent change in quantity supposed divided by the percent change in price. While this is a helpful measure, it is an approximation to some degree, and it calculates what can (roughly) be thought of as an average elasticity over a range of prices and quantities. To calculate a more exact measure of elasticity at a particular point on a supply or demand curve, we need to think about infinitesimally small changes in price and, as a result, incorporate mathematical derivatives into our elasticity formulas. Â  to see how this is done, lets take a look at an example. An Example Suppose youre given the following question: Demand is Q 100 - 3C - 4C2, where Q is the amount of the good supplied, and C is the production cost of the good. What is the price elasticity of supply when our per unit cost is $2? We saw that we can calculate any elasticity by the formula: Elasticity of Z with respect to Y (dZ / dY)*(Y/Z) In the case of price elasticity of supply, we are interested in the elasticity of quantity supplied with respect to our unit cost C. Thus we can use the following equation: Price elasticity of supply (dQ / dC)*(C/Q) In order to use this equation, we must have quantity alone on the left-hand side, and the right-hand side be some function of cost. That is the case in our demand equation of Q 400 - 3C - 2C2. Thus we differentiate with respect to C and get: dQ/dC -3-4C So we substitute dQ/dC -3-4C and Q 400 - 3C - 2C2 into our price elasticity of supply equation: Price elasticity of supply (dQ / dC)*(C/Q)Price elasticity of supply (-3-4C)*(C/(400 - 3C - 2C2)) Were interested in finding what the price elasticity of supply is at C 2, so we substitute these into our price elasticity of supply equation: Price elasticity of supply (-3-4C)*(C/(100 - 3C - 2C2))Price elasticity of supply (-3-8)*(2/(100 - 6 - 8))Price elasticity of supply (-11)*(2/(100 - 6 - 8))Price elasticity of supply (-11)*(2/86)Price elasticity of supply -0.256 Thus our price elasticity of supply is -0.256. Since it is less than 1 in absolute terms, we say that goods are substitutes. Other Price Elasticity Equations Using Calculus To Calculate Price Elasticity of DemandUsing Calculus To Calculate Income Elasticity of DemandUsing Calculus To Calculate Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand

Essay about Egyptian Pyramids Architecture - 1270 Words

CONTENTS: - INTRODUCTION - BACKGROUND OF ANCIENT EGYPT PYRAMIDS - THE STEP PYRAMID of Pharaoh Djoser - THE GREAT PYRAMID of Pharaoh Khufu - CONCLUSION - BIBLIOGRAPHY FOOTNOTES This essay focuses on two different types of pyramids; the Step pyramid which was the first pyramid and the Great pyramid, which was the largest pyramid built in Egypt. The essay investigates the meaning of the selected forms for the Egyptian culture and explains their dialog with the cosmos. The architecture of ancient Egypt is one of the most important civilizations in history, which developed of different structures and great architectural monuments along the River Nile. The Egypt pyramids were constructed for the pharaoh, as a tomb. Their†¦show more content†¦Then he achieved building the first pyramid by placing large series of stone on top of each other. Arnold states, ‘’From the earliest 3rd dynasty step pyramids in Egypt that they were built with accreditation walls or layers’’. [3] ‘’The accreditation layers were sloped inside at an angle. It was probably done to provide structural durability. Each part of the pyramid between two steps is referred to as a mastaba. Each accreditation wall or layer shaped one step of the step pyramid and defined the base of the next mastaba by reducing the height of the wall layer by layer.’’ [3] Intended to hold his mummified body, Pharaoh Djosers Step Pyramid at Saqqara began as a traditional, flat-roofed mastaba. But by the end of his 19-year reign, in 2611 B.C.E, it had risen to six stepped layers and stood 62 meters high. It was the largest building of its time. Extensive use of stone, wood, reeds, or other materials made the tomb more durable than its mud-brick structure. The Step Pyramid complex was enclosed by a 10 meters wall and included courtyards, temples, and chapels covering nearly 40 acres (16 hectares) the size of a large town in the third millennium B.C. As in earlier mastaba tombs, the Step Pyramids burial chambers were underground, hidden in a maze of tunnels. However the tomb was stolen, and only left from the third king of Egypts 3rd dynasty, Djoser is his mummified left foot. The StepShow MoreRelatedAncient Egyptian Pyramids Architecture1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ancient Egyptian pyramids are engineering marvels that continue to astonish both past and modern day historians and scholars with its incredible architectural feats. Behind the magnificent creations was a group that employed their knowledge of advanced mathematics and building techniques to create such an impressive subject of wonder. The mystery involving the work needed physically to produce this structural behemoth remains a popular topic of discussion between historians and engineers whoRead MoreThe Great Pyramid Of Giza930 Words   |  4 Pagesand mysterious feats of architecture ever assembled, The Great Pyramid. Located approximately 5 miles west of the Nile River near the city of Cairo, Egypt, The Great Pyramid is part of a larger complex called the Giza Necropolis, which also houses the Great Sphinx, and two smaller pyramids. It is said to have been built by the enslaved citizens of Khufu, second ruler of the 4th dynasty, and son of Snefru. Although archaeologists have since disproved that theory. The pyramids are said to have been builtRead MoreThe Cryptic Secrets Of Egyptian Pyramids1719 Words   |  7 PagesSecrets of Egyptian Pyramids The pyramid-shaped masonry architectures are called Pyramids, and there are eighty of them known as ancient Egyptian Pyramids. The Egyptian Pyramids are the products of a slavery country, but they are also the great accomplishments of ancient people. Since the first discovery of the Egyptian Pyramids, many scientists have been dedicated in ancient Egypt study. After years of researching on the earliest Egyptian Pyramid, Pyramid of Djoser, and the most famous Egyptian PyramidRead MoreThe Mysteries of the Construction of Pyramids in Egypt571 Words   |  2 Pagesworld has always been how the great pyramids of Egypt were built. It was a long time ago, long before we had bulldozers, cranes and all that heavy-duty equipment. This leads some groups of people to believe that because Egyptians were â€Å"primitive†, there is no way they could have done all the work themselves. Thus the most logical explanation as to who could have helped our helpless Egyptians had to be aliens. Alie ns had traveled from afar to build these giant pyramids for whatever reason. (1) The immenseRead MoreComparing Mexicos Pyramids to Egypts3404 Words   |  14 PagesThe more than 100 pyramids that punctuate the west bank of the Nile have intrigued mankind for millennia. Numerous articles and books have discussed the pyramids of Egypt and the wondrous tombs, sculpture, jewelry, and artwork they secreted. However, pyramids are found in various locations in the world beyond EgyptÂâ€"most notably in South America, Mesoamerica, Mesopotamia, India, and Cambodia. Is it possible that the ancient civilizations of Central America and South America, as an example, somehowRead MoreThe Great Pyramids of Giza are located in northern part of Egypt right besides the Nile River. The700 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Pyramids of Giza are located in northern part of Egypt right besides the Nile River. The oldest and major â€Å"is the only surviving structure out of the famed seven wonders of the ancient world.† The other wonders are: The Colossus of Rhodes, The Statue o f Zeus at Olympia, The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and The Lighthouse of Alexandria. The Great Pyramids was constructed for King Khufu son of King Sneferu. Three separate andRead MoreEdifices to the Gods and Social Perception of A Nation530 Words   |  2 Pagesbeen the staple for the ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilization yet their purposes proved somewhat different. For the Sumerian civilization, the construction of the ancient monuments served a multiple purpose as social, economic and religious centers and in the latter half of the third millennium B.C.E. the Ur-based civilization focused on building schemes for their administrative, economic and agricultural benefits. In contrast, the Egyptian civilization during the peak of the Fourth Dynasty’sRead MoreEssay Tha Influence of Egyptian Art on Modern World1164 Words   |  5 PagesTha Influence of Egyptian Art on Modern World Egyptian art has journeyed through the centuries as one of the most influential phenomenons in human civilization. From the Greeks to the Romans to the people of today, Egyptians and their beautiful representations in art and architecture have proven a legacy in the creations of certain landmarks, statues, and even advertisements. The Greeks derived many of their statues from Egyptian sculptures, such as the Kouros 600 B.C. The Roman emperor AugustusRead MoreCreating A Global Treasure Hunt1547 Words   |  7 Pagessurveyor William Gosse on July 19, 1873 in honour of Chief Secretary of South Australia, Sir Henry Ayers. Pyramids of Giza- 29 ºN, 31 ºE Is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in Egypt. Also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It was built as a tomb over 10-20 year period At 481 feet, the Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years. Eiffel tower- 48 ºN, 2 ºE Eiffel TowerRead MoreThe Pyramids Of Giza Pyramids929 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Great pyramids of Giza. The pyramids of Giza in total are three, these are some of the most famous pyramids in the world and some of the most famous landmarks of Egypt. Growing up I would always think of one day traveling to egypt and climbing to the top. This is why I decided to do my research paper on this work of art and great monument of art history. With this paper I was able to research into detail about; The Great Pyramids of Giza, which include The Pyramid (Pyramid of Khufu)

Why do people migrate Free Essays

Sample Brainstorm and Outline Topic: Why do people tell lies? (a focus-on-causes essay) Brainstorm: Ashamed of the truth Make them look better Don’t want to tell someone the truth if it’s uncomfortable Politicians: want to get votes Children: don’t want to get In trouble Afraid of the consequences of the truth Don’t remember the truth So common for them that it’s habit Don’t realize they’re lying Example: Bill Clinton didn’t want the truth of his affair to come out Example: child with chocolate on face, doesn’t want to get In trouble for eating candy Example: witness In a trial can’t remember what happened b/c he was drunk at the time Example: wife asks: do you think I’m fat? Husband says: of course not because he wants her to be happy Example: someone is dying but family doesn’t want to tell the children because they’ll be scared Outline: l. Introduction a. Lying Is common In all parts of human life b. We will write a custom essay sample on Why do people migrate or any similar topic only for you Order Now Parents Ill to children, children lie to parents c. Everyone believes politicians lie d. People lie for good and bad reasons II. Afraid of the consequences if the truth is known a. Bill Clinton lied about an affair he had while he was President of the U. S. I. He didn’t want to lose his Job n. He TLD want the affair to be talked about more than politics b. A child Is caught eating candy before dinner I. Doesn’t want to get in trouble Also might think the parents don’t really know the truth; maybe he will get away with stealing candy Ill. Don’t want to make the other person uncomfortable a. A wife asks her husband if he thinks she’s fat. He lies and says no. L. He loves his wife and wants her to feel good about herself. II. He wants to convince himself that It’s true also. B. A person cooks a terrible-tasting dinner and asks friends if they liked the food. I. They want to be encouraging to their friend. It. It would be rude to tell the truth. ‘V. Can’t remember the truth . A witness In a trial was drunk when the event happened and doesn’t remember. I. Not trying to lie-?he Just doesn’t remember the truth did you come to work last week? I. Employee forgets that he came later than the normal time it. Employee believes the he is telling the truth V. Conclusion a. People lie for lots of reasons. B. Some people lie to preserve a relationship c. Some people lie because they don’t want to get in trouble d. Other people lie without knowing it-?they think they’re telling the truth e. Lies are not good because they are not true. But sometimes we tell them with good motivation anyway. ‘says. How to cite Why do people migrate, Essays

Lung Cancer Essay Research Paper bibliographyAnku Vincent free essay sample

Lung Cancer Essay, Research Paper bibliography Anku, Vincent. intervention of malignant neoplastic disease. Seattle, Washington: Doubleday and company Inc. , 1986. # 8220 ; Lung, Cancer # 8221 ; . 4 November 1998. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.evnet.com/fnadoc/lung.html. # 8220 ; Adults malignant neoplastic disease aid in the uk # 8221 ; . hypertext transfer protocol: //mdweb. bham.ac.uk/cancerhelp/public/specific/lung /indx.html. # 8220 ; Cancer # 8221 ; . the New Illustrated Medical and Health Encyclopedia. 1959. Laszio, John. Understanding Cancer. New York, New York: Harper and Row. 1984. Holleb, Arthur. Cancer Book. Gardencity, New York: Madrona Publishing Inc. , 1984. Struss, linda. When a parent has malignant neoplastic disease. New York, New York: Rosen Publishing group Inc. , 1988. lineation I. Introduction1 II. Definition1 A ) Different signifiers and types2 B ) How it is categorized 2 III. Different causes of lung cancer2 A ) Causes2 B ) Causes from baccy smoking 2-3 IV. Symptoms3-4 V. Diagnosis 4 VI. Spreading process5 A ) Areas of spreading5 B ) Rate of spreading5 VII. Treatment5 A ) Types of treatment6 1. Surgery6 2. Radiation6 3. Chemotherapy6 B ) Rehabilitation6-7 VIII. How it effects the households 7 VIIII. Decision thesis statement Lung malignant neoplastic disease is a complex disease that randomly chooses its hosts and will perplex the lives of the individuals it infects. Lung Cancer From the minute the physician diagnosing a individual with malignant neoplastic disease, their lives will neer be the same ( Struss,4 ) . Whether or non a individual is one of the malignant neoplastic disease patients for whom intervention is successful. That individual programs are bound to be disturbed in some manner ( holleb,5 ) . Cancer may do convulsion in a household, altering precedences, and changing relationships. at times people even feal as if the disease has wholly taken over their lives. ( struss,4 ) . For some people the instance is that the malignant neoplastic disease may turn and distribute throughout the organic structure, doing them to under travel sometimes a boring intervention procedure. The term malignant neoplastic disease is a Grecian word for crab. Cancer is fundamentally an unnatural growing of malignant cells ( # 8221 ; Adults # 8221 ; ) . These cells are non foreign, but are in fact portion of our organic structures all our lives ( Anku, 7 ) . There are two major types of malignant neoplastic diseases, solid tumour carcinoma and sarcoma. Carcinomas are straight applied to malignant tumours and sarcomas are other major signifiers of malignant neoplastic disease, these include tumours that originate from musculuss, castanetss, or hempen tissues ( Lazio, 64-65 ) . Cancer by itself is non lifelessly until it infects a certain portion of our organic structures. The portion of the organic structure infected is one of the many ways of categorising the malignant neoplastic disease to happen out what type the individual might hold ( Anku,7 ) . 2 Lung malignant neoplastic disease is one peculiar type of malignant neoplastic disease that is more deathly and common than any other. Lung malignant neoplastic disease is defined as being a tumour in the lung dwelling of many mutated malignant neoplastic disease cells ( # 8221 ; Adults # 8221 ; ) . One of the danger factors involved with lung malignant neoplastic disease is that if the malignant neoplastic disease is non caught early enough it may turn out of control because malignant neoplastic disease is malignant. A malignant malignant neoplastic disease is a life threatening, unmanageable growing of organic structure tissue ( # 8221 ; Adults # 8221 ; ) . One of the alone characteristics of lung malignant neoplastic disease is its ability to go and turn in distant parts of the organic structure. This procedure is called metastasis. This particular feature is what distinguishes whether the malignant neoplastic disease is malignant, cancerous, or benign, not cancerous ( Laszio,65 ) . The exact cause of malignant neoplastic disease is unknown but some scientist believe that a individual can be born with unnatural cells, and that these remain quiescent throughout life until some factor get down them turning ( # 8221 ; Cancer # 8221 ; , 294-5 ) . Some known causes of lung malignant neoplastic disease are smoking, environmental jeopardies and air pollution ( # 8221 ; Adults # 8221 ; ) . Chronic annoyance of a certain group of cells may besides take to cancerous alterations ( # 8221 ; Cancer # 8221 ; , 295 ) and some specializers think heredity may be a important factor but a relationship between the two have non yet been established ( # 8221 ; Cancer # 8221 ; , 295 ) . Out of 3 all those causes smoking is a major cause and besides the taking cause of malignant neoplastic disease related decease ( # 8221 ; Lung # 8221 ; ) . Symptoms of early malignant neoplastic disease are frequently hardly noticeable ( # 8221 ; Cancer # 8221 ; , 295 ) . Some symptoms of lung malignant neoplastic disease can be holding a cough most of the clip, a alteration in a cough you have had for a long clip, or being short of breath. Coughing up phlem ( sputm ) with marks of blood in it, an aching or hurting when external respiration or coughing, or losing big sums of weight are some of the more common symptoms of lung malignant neoplastic disease ( # 8221 ; Adults # 8221 ; ) . Aside from some of the more common symptoms, there are some that are less common. These are a gruff voice, trouble in get downing, swelling in the face or cervix, or shortness of breath caused by fluid around the lung ( called pleura gush ) . All of these symptoms can be caused by other diseases besides lung malignant neoplastic disease ( # 8221 ; Adult # 8221 ; ) . Occasionally there are some uneven symptoms of lung malignant neoplastic disease. For illustration, the malignant neoplastic disease cells produce endocrines that get into the blood watercourse. These endocrines can bring forth unusual symptoms that person may non recognize are anything to make with lung malignant neoplastic disease. Symptoms lik vitamin E pins and acerate leafs, numbness in fingers, toes or musculus 4 failing. Besides a individual may acquire drowsy or confused. These symptoms seldom occur but are still possible symptoms of lung malignant neoplastic disease ( # 8221 ; Adult # 8221 ; ) . The diagnosing of lung malignant neoplastic disease is made by looking at cells under a microscope and seeing their features and unnatural form of growing ( Laszio,64 ) . Cancer cells are frequently big and with irregular lineations, and they have unnatural sums of Deoxyribonucleic acid and legion cell divisions ( Laszio,64 ) . Another agency of diagnosing is bronchoscope which is transition of a listed, flexible telescope into the septic bronchial tubing to see and try the unnatural countries ( # 8221 ; Adult # 8221 ; ) . Some of the agencies of sorting malignant neoplastic disease is harmonizing to type of tissue involved, velocity of its growing, and part of the organic structure infected ( # 8221 ; Cancer # 8221 ; , 295 ) . Cancer is a disease characterized by unnatural and frequently unpredictable growing of cells. Cancerous growing are besides disposed to occupy normal healthy tissues which can be destroyed or even replaced by their wild growing. Nervousnesss may besides be infected by the unnatural malignant neoplastic disease cells, doing hemorrhaging, and constructions such as lung tissues, the arterias, or kidneys and vesica, may be obstructed by infiltration of malignant neoplastic disease tissue.. Every portion of the organic structure is susceptible to cancerous growing, through some variety meats, such as tummy, bowl, lung and sexual variety meats, seem more often involved ( # 8221 ; malignant neoplastic disease # 8221 ; , 293 ) . 5 Growth may be rapid or slow but normally is progressive, that is that the malignant neoplastic disease does non halt turning once it begins. Some malignant neoplastic diseases stay in one location and there are some that spread or metastasise throughout the organic structure ( # 8221 ; Cancer # 8221 ; , 294 ) . Cells from the border of a malignant tumour tend to distribute to environing normal countries of the organic structure and replace normal tissue and variety meats, ( # 8221 ; Adult # 8221 ; ) nevertheless, a slow turning malignant neoplastic disease may remain for many old ages within the confines of its point of beginning ( Anku, 9 ) . When the malignant neoplastic disease spreads or metastasizes, the most common agencies of travel is through the blood watercourse. Another agency of distributing is by the lymph system which consists of the lymph channel and the lymph nodes ( # 8221 ; Cancer # 8221 ; , 7 ) . Some of the most common topographic points the malignant neoplastic disease from the lung may metastasise to are the encephalon, the other lung, the liver, the castanetss, and specifically the ribs ( # 8221 ; Adult # 8221 ; ) . Cancer can be cured but an instant remedy has non yet been discovered ( Laszio, 28 ) . Thankss to new drugs and engineering, people are populating with malignant neoplastic disease and can be more active and live a normal life ( Laszio, 30 ) . Some of these finds include radiation and chemotherapy. We besides know surgery has been around for a long clip and major betterments to the utilised processs and techniques are invariably being made ( Anku, 24 ) . 6 Surgery, the oldest and still the figure one method of handling malignant neoplastic disease was until late the lone method of intervention available ( Anku, 24 ) . The two types of surgery are hollow needle biopsy and unfastened biopsy. Hollow needle biopsy is used when the abnormal or cancerous tissue can non be removed wholly. Alternatively, a piece of the tissue is taken for diagnosings and to find the class of farther intervention. Open biopsy is the complete remotion of the cancerous tissue ( # 8221 ; Adult # 8221 ; ) . Radiotherapy or radiation intervention is the usage of X raies, negatrons, or gamma beams to handle malignant neoplastic disease ( # 8221 ; Adult # 8221 ; ) . Radiation inhibits the malignant neoplastic disease cells from spliting or reproducing until the malignant neoplastic disease can be extracted ( # 8221 ; Adult # 8221 ; ) . Chemotherapy, the 3rd type of intervention, disseminates malignant neoplastic disease killing chemicals throughout the organic structure in order these chemicals kill tumour cells wherever they may be, whether in ample balls or in bantam nests of cells that may be seeable merely by the usage of a microscope ( Laszio, 43 ) . While on chemotherapy a patient can go on to take most medicines such as minor tranquillizers, kiping AIDSs, hurting slayers, and pills for high blood force per unit area ( anku,103 ) . If you are diagnosed with lung malignant neoplastic disease there are a few things you can make to assist your organic structure. For illustration you should exert harmonizing to your physicians recommendations, eat regular alimentary repasts, drink plentifulness of fluids, halt smoke 7 if you smoke and get plentifulness of remainder. Sing as you may necessitate to take certain drugs to help you along with your intervention, you may desire to cut back or even halt imbibing intoxicant ( # 8221 ; Adult # 8221 ; ) . Populating with malignant neoplastic disease can be a really hard thing for both the victim and the victims households. Having a parent that has to populate with lung malignant neoplastic disease, I can associate with the people and their households that have to cover with this lay waste toing disease. Most people when told they have malignant neoplastic disease are normally shocked, afraid, and confused. The household of the malignant neoplastic disease patient can be really disquieted and worried that decease may happen ( # 8221 ; Adult # 8221 ; ) . All the stuff you can happen on malignant neoplastic disease will non fix you for this disease, because it is a annihilating and emotional thing to happen out approximately. One can merely trust that this disease doesn # 8217 ; t impact them or person near to them. Thankss to information we can break understand malignant neoplastic disease and learn to forestall it. being knowing about malignant neoplastic disease and its causes is the first elephantine measure to bar, but you besides have to be smart plenty to non set yourself at hazard of acquiring malignant neoplastic disease. 7

Brand Management Strategies - Umbrella Brands free essay sample

Umbrella Brands The 1980s witnessed a revolution in the understanding of the working of the brands. Marketers depict brands as a reflection of customers’ own personalities, so that they can relate to their products well. In fact the distinguishing aspect of the modern marketing has been its focus upon the creation of differentiated brands and using them as weapons for launching multi-level attacks on competition. Market research has been used to help identify and develop bases of brand differentiation. A brand identifies a product and its sources, but it does even more. Along came brand extension. Today brand extension strategies are widely employed because of beliefs that they build and communicate strong brand positioning, enhance awareness and increase profitability. Brands are often extended beyond their original categories to include new product categories. Research has proved that the success of brand extension depends on the transfer of parent brand awareness and associations to the extension. The transfer of these quality perceptions is the key in umbrella branding. An umbrella brand is a brand that covers diverse kinds of products which are more or less related. It applies also to any company that is identified only by its brand and history. It is contrasted with individual branding in which each product in a portfolio is given a unique identity and brand name. Mr. K. R. Senthilvelkumar, a professor at Jansons School of Business offers the most pragmatic of reasons behind an umbrella brand strategy, â€Å"with scarce financial resources, firms cannot afford to allocate huge budgets for building and maintaining several brands†. Nowadays consumers have become quite unpredictable in their newspaper-reading or TV-viewing habits, it is very difficult to assure the reach of messages to the target audiences. The advertiser has to use many broadcast and print media with high frequency to create the desired effect for every brand, which ultimately puts huge burden on the budget. Hence, companies consider it wise to maintain a minimum number of brands in their portfolio so that they can do justice to each by effectively distributing their investment for promotion purpose. Yes, umbrella branding is widely practiced. The Confederation of Indian Industrys second FMCG (fast moving consumer goods) conclave in 2003 almost declared that umbrella branding was the way to go in a competitive market environment. In an interesting anecdote, R S Sodhi, GM Marketing (Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation l), compared the umbrella brand and individual brands to an Indian family, where in umbrella brands like the Indian family, the father is the head, looking over the children. When they grow up and become independent, they hold the umbrella for the family. Individual brands on the other hand are like a western family, who grow up fast and leave the father behind. Amul’s strategy of using â€Å"umbrella branding† has really paid off. Amul’s advertising and marketing spend has never exceeded 1% of its revenues. Most other food companies spend 6-7% of revenues on advertising and marketing. They (GCMMF) are not big spenders compared to Britannia or Nestle. Despite a limited budget, Amul’s creatives—in the form of billboards or the Taste of India campaign—have always managed to evoke a larger-than-life brand feel, consistency and spirit of Indian culture in a contemporary way. Companies phase out the brands which have become redundant and retain one or two umbrella brands for every category with necessary variations under each. For example consumer goods major Reckitt ; Colman India Ltd. chalked out an expansion strategy to introduce 20 new brands in the year 1999-2000. The strategy also involved repositioning its existing brands and consolidating sub-brands under its main umbrella brands Dispirin, Dettol, Harpic and Cherry Blossom. The strategy was designed to vault Reckitt ; Colman, in terms of sales, into the big league. With the launch of new brands and the repositioning of its existing brands, the company aimed to achieve expected sales growth. The strategy worked well as Dettol as an antiseptic lotion provided brand support to Dettol soap, which was re-launched in a fragrant form called Dettol Fresh to take on HLLs Liril. Cherry Blossom acted as a mother brand for several easy-to-use home products. Hindustan Unilever Ltd’s (HUL) beverage brands have been amalgamated under two umbrella brands – Brooke Bond and Lipton and in the fabric wash category, the company has retained only Rin, Surf and Wheel, HUL has withdrawn brands such as Sunlight, 501, Dalda and Nihar; it plans to withdraw some more brands and group them under a few umbrella brands. HUL is currently focusing on 35 power brands. Nivea cosmetics brand has a presence in huge number of product categories and countries. Once upon a time Niveas performance prompted a yahoo. com news article to name it the Queen of Mega Brands. This title was appropriate since the brand was present in over 14 product categories and was available in more than 150 countries. Nivea was reportedly believed to be a brand of local origin having been present in them for many decades. This fact went a long way in helping the brand attain the leadership status in many categories and countries. According to analysts, the brand was the single largest factor for the 4. 4% increase in the companys (Beiersdorf) revenues (â‚ ¬ 4. 74 billion) and 10. 7% increase in after-tax profit (â‚ ¬ 290 million) for the year 2002. Beiersdorf never tried to disturb the umbrella branding of Nivea and got fruitful results. Today as organized retailing is gaining popularity, we can see that popularity of private labels owned by retailers. Retailers do not feel the need to develop many brands for various categories because it is the loyalty towards their store name which draws and retains the customers. Hence it is the umbrella retail store name which will be the brand for various product categories and not individual names for each. Customers prefer these brands over that of manufacturers, due to the fact that they address their functional needs well. The retailers also enjoy high margins for private labels. Today a retail chain like Shopper’s Stop’s 20% apparel section is driven by private labels. There are others like Trent from the TATAs which has developed its business model purely on private labels. From Asian Paints in 2003 to Electrolux, Onida and Airtel in 2004, they have all made a move from individual product branding to umbrella branding. Just a few year ago Bharti Televentures had brand Airtel for mobile services, Touchtel for land line and India One for long distance calls. But with Airtel dominating the groups ad spends, the company figured that the other brands were hardly making their presence felt. The unified licensing regime in December 2003 which means that only one license is required to offer fixed, mobile and other services acted as a catalyst (new Airtel logo/ Airtel outlets). So come September 2004 and the company started selling all its services under one brand name Airtel. It claims that the move not only upped brand visibility but also charged up its distribution network. No doubt, umbrella branding has a number of advantages over individual brands in terms of low promotional costs and easy acceptance in trade but umbrella branding imposes on the brand owner a greater burden to maintain consistent quality and brand equity. If the quality of one product in the brand family is compromised, it could reduce sales of all the others. Single umbrella branding works relatively better for services like telecom; it may not be feasible in cases where there is a lesser degree of cohesion between categories, product values and target customers. So, maintaining a few umbrella brands is better option. For instance, suppose LG, a tech brand as far as Indian consumer is concerned, wants to sell you talc or toothpaste or detergent under that name. Consumers would find it very difficult to say what is transferred value from LG TV sets which they’re now going to put on their skin. Nokia, a moralist for single umbrella branding dropped their single umbrella brand strategy in 2006 in naming it’s products. The company believed it needed to have a look at its competitors’ book. After the roaring success of the Moto RAZR, PEBL, SLVR and ROKR series, the Finnish mobile handset manufacturer felt that consumers found names easy to remember compared to the usual mundane numbers. Even LG launched its popular Chocolate range of phones under the Black Label series. For Nokia, barring few exceptions, numbers have been the only way its phones have been branded so far remember 1100, 2600, 3310, 6020? In 2006 they launched Nokia 8800 Sirocco Edition (a mixture of names and numbers). Nokia introduced this approach to make it easier for customers to navigate across their range of phones. They also launched E-series phones (which serve business users) and N-series (which have multimedia features). While some players say that the naming trend will be restricted to the high-end, feature-led phones(for example- LG is also banking on the name game but in that case it is confined to the high-end range of designer phones), others like Motorola are banking on names irrespective of price slabs. Motorola believes that consumers dont look at these names in an abstract manner and therefore names convey a message to consumers. A few umbrella brands or individual brands? According to experts, independent brands only make sense when the product clearly has a different proposition from the company brand; like Lexus from Toyota and Swatch from Omega. In the case of Asian Paints, there were so many sub-brands, there was a reduction of media weights for advertising each entity. Then, the company shifted to a brand-centric portfolio, which involved a change of logo, product names, packaging and advertising. But the response from the trade and consumers has been positive, overall brand synergy and shop presence have increased, and the advertising is more effective. Most probably in near future the media environment will make it impossible to create newer brand names and the conditions at the consumer level, as well as the environment. So unless the product is clearly different in the mind of the consumer, umbrella branding is the way to go. Umbrella brands are going to rule!

Hamlet - The Real Tragedy Essays - Characters In Hamlet,

Hamlet - The "Real" Tragedy In Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the death of a character becomes a frequent event. Although many people lose their lives as a result of their own self-centered wrong-doing, there are others whose death are a result of manipulation from the royalty. This is the case of Polonius' family. The real tragedy of Hamlet is not that of Hamlet or his family but of Polonius' family because their deaths were not the consequence of sinful actions of their own but rather by their innocent involvement in the schemes of Claudius and Hamlet. The first character to die in Hamlet is Polonius. Although Polonius often acts in a deceitful manner when dealing with Hamlet, it is only because he is carrying out plans devised by the king or queen to discover the nature of Hamlet's madness. Being the king's Lord Chamberlain, it is his duty to obey the king and queen's wishes and it is this loyalty that eventually proves to be fatal for him. An example of hoe Polonius' innocent involvement with the royalty results in his death can be found at the beginning of Act III, scene iv, when Hamlet stabs him while he is hiding behind the arras in Gertude's room. This shows how Polonius, a man unaware of the true nature of the situation he is in, is killed by a member of the royalty during the execution of one of their schemes. This makes Polonius' death a tragedy. The next member of Polonius' family to die is his daughter Ophelia. Ophelia's death is tragic because of her complete innocence in the situation. Some may argue that Polonius deserves his fate because of his deceitfulness in dealing with Hamlet while he is mad, but Ophelia is entirely manipulated and used by Hamlet and the king for their own selfish reasons. An example of how Ophelia is used by Hamlet takes place in Act II, scene I, when Hamlet uses her to convince his family he is mad. Ophelia explains to Polonius how Hamlet has scared her, causing Polonius to draw the conclusion that Hamlet has an "antic disposition". Although this is the subject to interpretation and many believe that this is simply Hamlet taking one last look at Ophelia before he becomes engaged in his plan to kill Claudius, the fact that he scares her and does not try to alleviate these fears points to the conclusion that he is simply using her to help word of his madness spread throughout the kingdom via Polonius. In Act III, scene iv, Hamlet kills Polonius while he is hiding behind the arras in the Queen's room. This event causes Ophelia to become insane and leads to her eventual death in a river near the castle in Act IV, scene vii. It can be seen how the combined scheming of Hamlet's scheme which brings about the death of Polonius which leads to Ophelia's death. The passing of Ophelia is a tragedy because she does nothing deserving of death, she is merely used for other people's personal gain. The last member of Polonius' family to die is Laertes, Ophelia's brother and Polonius's son. Laertes' death is tragic because, although he kills Hamlet, he is avenging his father's death, an act, with reference to the moral climate of the 1600s, that would have been condoned by the people who saw the play. The difference between Hamlet and Laertes is that Laertes does not use others to attain his goals and his revenge is in part due to the pressure put on him by Claudius. This makes Laertes' murder of Hamlet excusable and his death a tragedy. An example of how Claudius uses Laertes to try and murder Hamlet is seen in Act IV, scene vii. Claudius and Laertes are discussing Hamlet when Claudius says: Laertes, was your father dear to you? Or are you like painting of a sorrow, A face without a heart? He is asking Laertes whether he is really sorry about his father's death or if he is just acting mournful without feeling mournful. Claudius uses these lines to lead Laertes into a plan to kill Hamlet, asking him what will he do to prove his

5 Simple Ways to Stay Productive and Reach Success

5 Simple Ways to Stay Productive and Reach Success When things go wrong, or just aren’t moving forward the way we’d like, it’s easy to point fingers. That guy didn’t do what he was supposed to. I was waiting for her to go first. I just didn’t have time. Yet in most cases, the obstacle to our success is pretty clear-cut: it’s us. Here are five ways to  stay productive and succeed.1.  Tackle Your Work ImmediatelyProcrastinating is so easy- it can be hidden under the guise of â€Å"prioritizing.† Human nature being what it is, tasks put off for â€Å"later† will always be theoretical, just out of the reach of the to-do list. Going ahead and doing something, even if it’s not terribly convenient or enjoyable, brings it back to being a tangible achievement. Think how satisfying it’ll be to check it off.2.  Embrace The Possibility of FailureSure, you might fail. Guess what? If you do, the world doesn’t stop. Don’t let your fear of failure or your intim idation dictate your next move, because you will absolutely miss growth and opportunities if you can’t even get started.3. Own  Your IdeasYou had the great idea to begin with, so steer it confidently as you bring it to life. You bring skills and a unique perspective to the table- so even if others are having trouble sharing your vision, that doesn’t mean stop. It means keep moving, adapt if necessary, and know that your instincts are valid. It’s okay to be confident in your abilities.4. Turn Fault Into an OpportunityAnalysis is good, finger-pointing is not. Figuring out how things went wrong should be part of any development process, but find ways to make that a constructive session. Ask how things can be fixed and what specifically you or a colleague can do to improve the result moving forward.5.  Continue Learningâ€Å"I didn’t know† isn’t an excuse†¦it’s a cop-out. If you don’t actively learn from everything going a round you, don’t be surprised if you’re suddenly feeling left behind as others around you grow and change and move forward. Similarly, learning from the past can keep you from making mistakes over and over or getting disappointing results†¦again.The good news is that if you’re blocking your own success, you can also be the hero for removing that obstacle. No super-strength necessary, just a willingness to keep your head up and be proactive.Read More at Lifehack